Mathematical Models of Spacetime in Contemporary Physics and Essential Issues of the Ontology of Spacetime :: Physics Papers

Mathematical Models of Spacetime in Contemporary Physics and Essential Issues of the Ontology of Spacetime ABSTRACT: The general theory of relativity and field theory of matter generate an interesting ontology of space-time and, generally, of nature. It is a monistic, anti-atomistic and geometrized ontology — in which the substance is the metric field — to which all physical events are reducible. Such ontology refers to the Cartesian definition of corporeality and to Plato's ontology of nature presented in the Timaeus. This ontology provides a solution to the dispute between Clark and Leibniz on the issue of the ontological independence of space-time from distribution of events. However, mathematical models of space-time in physics do not solve the problem of the difference between time and space dimensions (invariance of equations with regard to the inversion of time arrow). Recent research on space-time singularities and asymmetrical in time quantum theory of gravitation will perhaps allow for the solution of this problem based on the structure of space-time and not merely on thermodynamics. Since the General Theory of Relativity is a fundamental model of spacetime, most often used as a starting point for a physicists' research, I will begin my analysis with an attempt to formulate the consequences of the GTR for spacetime ontology and, generally, ontology of nature. The preliminary remark, however, has epistemological character. The formulation of the GTR resulted in definite fall of a dogmatic thesis of distinguished value of the 3-dimensional Euclidean geometry, as the only geometrical structure, adequate for a description of nature. This thesis was formulated explicitly by Kant, who considered this structure to be apriori form of inspection, and as such it was to validate the science. Kant's epistemology was created mainly to validate science, whose best developed part was embodied in the classical mechanics. However, the attitude of the authors of the field theory of matter towards Kant's epistemology was not negative at all, which can be proved by the words of Weyl , who, although confessed that in himself a philosopher had been dominated by a mathematician, began his work Space, Time, Matter with philosophical considerations devoted to the question of time and space, considerations comparable to those of Kant. The formulation of the General Theory of Relativity was of major importance for the spacetime ontology, mainly because it ended the famous debate between Clarke and Leibniz concerning the ontological status of spacetime. In this debate Clarke defended the Newton's position in which he emphasized ontological independence of time and space with regard to physical events.

Commodity School

Marketing Theory Commodity School 01. 11. 2012 [Sirket ad? n? yaz? n] Bahcesehir University, MA Marketing What is commodity school and what are strengths and weaknesses of that thought? Marketing theory has been discussed over years. Many theorists had tried to explain marketing thought since it was a separate field apart from economics. In order to indicate progress of the theory; Sheth, Gardner and Garret in the book of Marketing Theory Evolution and Evaluation compiled all schools of marketing.They also argue how successful each thought is while developing, implementing and distributing of those schools. On that paper, it will be tried to analyze what commodity school is and what its strengths and weaknesses are according to Sheth, Gardner and Garret. Schools of thoughts are formed by two dimensions of a matrix. One perspective is interactive-noninteractive while the other is economic-noneconomic. In first dimension, for the noninteractive schools selling is the essential concept whereas relationship is main source for interactive schools.In second dimension, for economic classification, the focus is economic variables such as production and distribution efficiency, prices of inputs and outputs, and consumer income levels. At the other dimension, participants of marketing activities cannot be explained by sole economic influence. It can be clarified by social and psychological factors that may affect the behaviour of marketing actors. With two dimensions of that matrix, commodity school is one concept of noninteractive and economic approach.The commodity school concentrated on the physical characteristics of products and the related consumer buying habits for different categories of products. The most influential proponent of that school (Melvin Copeland) defined commodities as convenience goods, shopping goods and speciality goods based on durability. Copeland stated that convenience goods were those customarily purchased at easily accessible stores, when h e recognized the want, the demand became clearly defined in his mind.Copeland defined shopping goods as the ones the consumer desires to compare price, quality, style etc at the time of purchase. Final part of his classification is the ones that have some particular attraction for the consumer, other than price, which induces him to put forth special effort to visit the store. For speciality goods, brands are essential. Copeland’s theory can be seen most inspiring theory for commodity school of thought. Theorists after Copeland’s had tried to develop the definition of categories.One of them was Leo Aspinwall who launched a classification system using five characteristics to differentiate three types of goods. Aspinwall named his three categories the red goods, the orange goods and the yellow goods based on replacement rate, gross margin, adjustment, time of consumption and searching time. Richard Holton asserted that Copeland’s definition of the categories of co nvenience goods, shopping goods and speciality goods needed to be revised. He emphasized that convenience goods and shopping goods can be defined accurately only from standpoint of the individual consumer.According to Holton, for the individual consumer, convenience goods are those goods for which the probable gain from making price and quality comparison among alternative sellers is thought to be small relative to the consumer’s appraisal of the searching costs in terms of time, money and effort. Shopping goods then, are for the individual consumer, those goods for which the probable gain from making prices and quality comparisons among alternative sellers is thought to be large relative to the consumer’s appraisal of the searching costs in terms of time, money and effort.However David Luck criticized Holton’s theory in terms of dynamics of consumer behaviour. He claimed that Holton excluded the speciality type of good from marketing theory. The next theorist B ucklin tried to explain the distinction between shopping goods and non shopping goods as a first point of differentiation. He classified that shopping goods are the goods whose suitability is determined through search before the consumer commits himself to each purchase. He subdivided non shopping goods as convenience goods and speciality goods based on their accessibility to substitutes.Until Kaish emphasis, commodity school could not highlight psychological side of consumers. Kaish was the prior emphasis on the consumer’s shopping effort. He assured that consumers had different pre purchase anxiety level for convenience goods, shopping goods and speciality goods. To him, as goods complexity increases pre purchase anxiety level also rises as well. After all those contributions, Ramond and Assael asserted that firstly, product as a relation between physical ingredients and psychological responses; secondly, the product in terms of consumer actions and channel response must be defined.In addition, Enis and Roering asserted that a classification scheme that incorporates both the buyer’s and the seller’s perspective holds the greatest promise for illuminating the exchange process. Finally, Murphy and Enis developed four commodity categories as convenience, preference, shopping and speciality products based on effort and risk dimension Enis-Roerig Commodity Classification System Buyer Expected Effort / Marketing Mix Differentiation HIGH Buyer Perceived Risk/ Product Differentiation LOWshoppingspecialityHIGHconveniencepreferenceLOWThe commodity school has revolted during the process that is summarized above. Many explanations and opinions are developed by the theorists. However, there is still unanimity for that school. Commodity categories are still tried to be defined clearly. It is still a dilemma if definitions should be physical properties of the good or on the behaviour of the consumers. If latter one is preferable, should the focus be on the consumer’s mental effort or on his physical effort. In addition, the specification of hypotheses becomes contingent upon the diversity and individual differences among consumers.Beyond the potential variability among consumers, there is also the question of the possible change in any one consumer’s behaviour over time. Another point that cannot be clarified is how shopping effort is measured and, limited and considerable levels of the shopping are distinguished in terms of operational efficiency. The points that cannot be clarified during evolution process for commodity school are listed. Although there are dilemmas about structure, specification and testability, the commodity school enjoys some easiness of theory implementation.Firstly, a researcher interested in commodity school could develop empirical simulations for the goods categories. Thanks to this simulation, he can modify marketing mix for a test product to determine whether market performance for the pr oduct could be enhanced. Secondly; commodity school is valid for consumer goods, industrial goods, services and social goods. In addition, it is adaptable in global environment thanks to consumer classification based on diverse culture, psychology etc. Also, the commodity school cooperates with new technology.At last but not least, specific forms of distribution and promotion should accompany various types of goods. To sum up, commodity school is the one that many theorists have tried to structure and strengthen it. Physical characteristic and consumer’s psychological tendencies have been main factors that theorists have considered. Although it has dilemmas about structure, specification and testability, it can succeed to develop empirical supports, to enrich product categorization and to simplify in communicating and implementing the theory. With the contribution of each theorist, it can be seen as one of the most robust school of marketing.

The Prison System And The Education Of Our Children

Day after day, millions of inmates are sitting in jail doing nothing productive during their sentence. They only plunge deeper into their criminal ways; they aren’t given any methods to truly rehabilitate themselves or prepare themselves to reenter into society. We are paying to house these inmates every year, and all they are doing is repeatedly coming back. The United States has the highest population of incarcerated people. Unfortunately, we have begun to spend more on the prison system than the education of our children. In order to be fiscally responsible, it is important that we change the way that prisons are run so we can decrease the amount of recidivism and make sure that those inmates are fully prepared to reenter into society and have the confidence to achieve their new goals. Prisons were created to keep those who aren’t able to function as law abiding citizens out of society. There are some people who should be put in jail for their crimes. They’re there because of a mistake they made, but they shouldn’t be defined by their past mistakes for their whole lives. But where is the line drawn on who is a danger to society and who has needs real medical help for their mental issues. The President of Stop the Crime, Charles J. Kehoe argues that, â€Å"the four main purposes of a prison are as follows; provide retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation†. Retribution is given because they won’t cause any more harm to this society. Their freedom is takenShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Public School System918 Words   |  4 Pages America’s public school system is failing, teachers are not being paid enough. Children are not being equipped with the tools they need at home to thrive in school. I must ask the question, is the public school system tearing our youth apart? The post below shows two pencils broken, one at the point and one at the eraser. When you write anything down on a piece of paper you are creating something new, when you erase you are taking something away. We send our children to school with hopes theyRead MoreCriminalization at School: Zero-Tolerance Discipline Policies Might Be Damaging to Students1309 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred to by many education scholars and activists as the â€Å"school-to-prison pipeline,† a term that refers to â€Å"the policies and practices that push our nation’s schoolchildren, especially our most at-risk children, out of classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems† (ACLU 2013). The School-to-Prison Pipeline is o ne of the most urgent challenges in education today. This paper will focus on the following circumstances and policies contributing to the school-to-prison pipeline: 1) resourceRead MoreThe American Education System1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe American education system, as we know it, has failed us, and more of our youth are becoming incarcerated at young ages. The educational system has taken a backseat when it comes to funding prisons; youths have chosen to live a life of crime, as education has become less substantial than money and resources allocated to prisons. Although television shows such as Lock Up or Lock Down expose the harsh realities of the wars that are ongoing in prison, the war on education has taken a substantialRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Offenders988 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile crime is at its lowest level since 1987, falling 30% between 1994 and 1998. Therefore it is only fair to acknowledge that the criminal justice system has made tremendous strides in it’s treatment of the typical juvenile offender. For example, there was once a time when there was no separation between the treatment of both juvenile and adult offenders. Meanwhile today we have separate courts for juveniles and adults which I feel is a step in the right direction because it enforcesRead MoreProfit Over Youth : A Look Into The Business Of Prison950 Words   |  4 PagesProfit Over Youth: A Look into the Business of Prison. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established that in 2009 there were a total of 1,812,900 juvenile arrest. These arrest consisted of those who were arrested and never tried as adults, for the purpose of this paper the same definition of a juvenile will be used. It can be easily argued that the juvenile population is Americas most vulnerable, and this is the population that we are arresting at such high numbers. To understandRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Mass Incarceration1542 Words   |  7 Pages Mass Incarceration is a growing dilemma in the United States that populates our prisons at an alarming rate. Michelle Alexander is a professor at Ohio State University and a graduate of Stanford law school. She states in her award winning book, The new Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness â€Å"In less than thirty years, the U.S. penal population exploded from around 300,000 to more than 2 million† (Alexander, 6). These young men and women are unable to afford a decent lawyer becauseRead MoreSchool Dropout Problem in America Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesEducation is very important in our life. It measures our life chances and the window of opportunity to success in the society. Our education institution not only teaches us how to write, read and communicate thoroughly, but also social skills that enable us to become a productive citizen of society. The U.S. have taken enormous pride of its ability to provide top-notch education and freedom of its access . Its the promise of American public education: no matter who you are or where you come fromRead MoreRethinking The Growing Female Prison System1622 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s population in the prison system is growing vastly, and continues to grow. Julie Ajinkya (March 8, 2013). Rethinking How to Address the Growing Female Prison Population. Retrieved from www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/news. According to the center for progress from the years 2000 through 2009 the number of women incarcerated in state or federal prisons rose by 21.6 percent in comparison to 15.6 percent increase for men. Majority of the women in the prison system struggle with, mental illnessRead MoreAmazing Grace by Jonathan Kozol690 Words   |  3 Pagesabout, or hear in the news. However, this is not the case; the real underlying theme seems to be how the life and society they live in is very alike to a life in a prison, not because it talks explicitly about prison conditions in this area, but also because their lives are portrayed as being a prison. Kozol uses the views of children and adults throughout this book to emphasize this theme through their living conditions and personal lives, background and struggles. Kozol writes about the trialsRead MoreA Critique of Philosophical Approaches to Criminal Justice Reform1488 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of prison inmates per 100,000 people has risen from 139 in 1980 to 411 in 1995. This is an immense financial burden on the country. Federal expenditure for correctional institutions alone increased 248% from 1982 to 1992. Obviously something has to be changed in the justice system. If the crime rate is rising this much, the correctional justice system isnt functioning properly, and needs to be reformed. Many people have offered theories as to what should be done with the prison system, the extremes

The Political Disaster of Watergate Essay - 879 Words

The political disaster of Watergate in the early 1970s marked the first time a president resigned. Essentially, it began when a former Marine, Daniel Ellsberg, who no longer supported war in Vietnam, leaked an analysis of American involvement there to The New York Times, starting in 1971. President Richard Nixon, a very private man, demanded that these Pentagon Papers be kept secret in order to prevent the public from finding out exactly what was going on. The scandal that followed ruined Nixon and led Americans to be more critical of the politicians they put in power and to question their leadership. Nixon wanted to prevent news articles from being published about the papers and their conclusions for reasons of â€Å"national security†. He is†¦show more content†¦His identity was not revealed until 2005 , although there had been many suspicions. He told the reporters about the federal government’s role in the cover-up of the scandal. Woodward was able to disco ver, through conversations with CREEP employees, that $70,000 of funds had been used as payoffs to the burglars. In March 1973, one of the burglars and a former CIA agent James McCord, reported a list of those in the government who were involved with the break-in and cover-up. Two of them were John Dean, who had been previously mentioned by FBI Director L. Patrick Gray, and Jeb Magruder, who had been involved with Nixon’s campaign. The Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post both ran the story, facing lawsuits from Dean’s lawyer. Dean testified that Nixon knew about the cover-up, and then Nixon refused to appear before the Senate Judicial Committee based on executive privilege, which allows officials to keep information private if releasing it would disrupt the function of the government. He had previously said that he would not invoke executive privilege. In the court case, one of Nixon’s aides testified that there was a taping system in the Oval Office that the president used to record all his conversations. Immediately afterwards, Nixon had the recorder removed, and refused to submit the existing tapes as evidence. On August 15,Show MoreRelatedThe Watergate Scandal Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Watergate Scandal The United States Justice System is founded on In its historical context, Watergate was not a surprising development when it is considered that Nixon was a paranoid personality capable of using any avenue to insure that his political objectives were attained. He had proved that early in his political career in his famous Checkers speech. By the early 70s however the nation had changed. It wasnt as easy to dupe the public with sappy speeches to explain away politicalRead MoreWatergate Paper1434 Words   |  6 Pages Watergate Paper Paul Salabarria HIS/145 June 26, 2012 Jeff Wilson Watergate Paper Watergate was a scandal that involved a break-in into the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the Nixon administration. Watergate was one of the most famous political scandals in American history. Decades after Watergate historians and others continue to argue about its causes and significance (Brinkley, 2007). It marked a period that both weakened our relationships with other countries as well asRead MoreRichard Nixon s Impact On The Nation1214 Words   |  5 Pagesput himself right into action making sure he could build up and maintain and good reputation in office. But soon after completing his first term, disaster struck just as reelection was coming up. Nixon had destroyed his reputation, and by doing so showed the people how easy it was to be successful at a point and then lose it all due to one event, Watergate. Paul H. Elovitz, who teaches at Farleigh Dickinson University and is a founding faculty member of Ramapo College of New Jersey, begins to breakRead M oreWatergate : A Decade Of Corruption, Lies, And Shadiness1224 Words   |  5 Pagescorruption, lies, and shadiness. It seemed impossible any good could come out of such a disaster. However, only one thing was certain: United States Government would never be the same. Republican President Richard Nixon ran for reelection in 1972, amidst the Vietnam War and a divided nation (History.com Staff). It was crucial that Nixon and his reelection team put forth an aggressive campaign (History.com Staff). The Watergate Scandal increased public distrust of United States Government, therefore creatingRead MorePresidency as an Institution1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe Presidency as an institution Both the administration of Carter and Reagan were shaped by the Cold War in the aftermath of Watergate. Watergate created cynicism of the government, which in turn made governing difficult both intentionally as well as improvisational because the institution of the President was seen as acting in the best interest of itself. President Jimmy Carter and President Ronald Reagan both had their difficulties as President. Carter had terrible problems with economics asRead More Presidency as an institution Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pages The Presidency as an institution Both the administration of Carter and Reagan were shaped by the Cold War in the aftermath of Watergate. Watergate created cynicism of the government, which in turn made governing difficult both intentionally as well as improvisational because the institution of the President was seen as acting in the best interest of itself. President Jimmy Carter and President Ronald Reagan both had their difficulties as President. Carter had terrible problems with economics asRead MoreFor Americans, The 1976 Presidential Election Was As Confusing1047 Words   |  5 Pagesexciting. Several factors made it dramatically different and more complex than any other election before. In both parties, the mood of the 1976 campaign was deeply influenced by past disasters. Democrats kept recalling the enormous defeat they suffered in 1972 and Republicans could not seem to move beyond the Watergate scandal they had just endured. What I find interesting about this election is how Jimmy Carter went from bein g a relatively unknown regional politician to a major national candidateRead MoreHis/135 Final1918 Words   |  8 Pages11/20/2011 I am writing this paper to reveal and describe different events that have occured over the past 50 years that have had a direct impact on the United States and affected the way we all live today. There are many economical, social, and political events that have helped shaped not only our country, but many other nations around the world as well. This paper is an attempt to reveal and speculate on some of these important events. 1950’s A growing amount of American people began to speakRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1139 Words   |  5 Pagessecretly built nuclear missile sites in Cuba that could reach the United States. In response to this, the United States inflicted a naval blockade on Cuba and prepared for the high possibility of a dangerous nuclear war. However, the countries avoided disaster by negotiating an agreement that ended the conflict. The Soviet Union would remove the missiles and the United States would in return promise not to invade Cuba again. The Cuban Missile Crisis was significant because if the agreement had not beenRead MoreThe Events Of The 1960 s And Through The 1970 S1407 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant on their agenda. Political leaders had proclaimed intentions on ending the cold war, racial discrimination, fixing social and economic problems and creating reforms that would begin to make a difference.Americans did not see a change of these significant issues through these year s.They only saw the nation getting worse which made them unhappy, doubtful and even worried about a new civil war. Some of the events that contributed to Americans cynicism was the watergate scandal, the ongoing Vietnam

College Student Against Free Tuition - 1395 Words

Yes, I’m a College Student Against Free Tuition Everyone has to take classes that they never want to attend. Whether you dread it because you hate the subject or it is one of those dreaded 8am’s. When debating on whether or not to go everyone has had that friend that will tell you that you should go because you’re paying to take the class. This is a huge motivator for us. That broke college student stereotype is all to real and it really can be a great driver. But, what if tuition disappeared? Then why would anyone care if we skipped class? When I asked students that were walking to class at Oregon State University if they would still go to class if they knew they could take it again for free at any point, 85% of them said they would ditch the class. This number shows just how much motivation college students derive from the monetary value of their education. So much of the professor’s time and the university’s resources would be squandered due to those students who would be enrolled but not act ually care at all. They counter to this argument is just as valid though. The reason so many people are pushing for free college in the United States is that they want more opportunity and in our country a college degree is becoming more essential to be get a substantial career. According to to Katharina Feidler of the Pultzer Prize winning website Polifact, it’s a mere 30% of Americans that have a college degree. I am not saying that this number is acceptable by anyShow MoreRelatedThe Rise And Fall Of College Tuition1575 Words   |  7 PagesHodges Professor Robert Howell English 102 21 October 2015 The Rise and Fall of College Tuition in the United States In the recent debate regarding the implementation of free college tuition across the United States, Jon Wiener, a Los Angeles journalist for The Nation, and Kelly Field, chief Washington reporter for The Chronicle of Higher Education who covers different federal education policies, discuss why college tuition should be abolished in the United States of America and the role of both DemocraticRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And Modern Day Society1504 Words   |  7 Pages College Tuition Imagine college graduation day, walking down the aisle to receive a diploma that one has worked towards for their entire life. However, the moment is bittersweet because one’s education has put him/her into thousands of dollars in debt by the high tuition prices of colleges and loans to the government. Dehumanization by the totalitarian government in the book 1984 by George Orwell is similar to the dehumanization in modern society between the government and colleges onto the studentRead MoreGraduation Speech : College And Pursue A College Degree1383 Words   |  6 Pagessome go to college and pursue a college degree. With a college degree you can do a lot of things. Also, generally speaking obtaining a college degree will get you a job that would make more money than a job without a degree. Making more money leads to better quality of life in America because of the many different doors that open up for you and your family, also it allows have you have some extra money to spe nd. In America, college is expensive, and leaves a very large number of students leaving collegeRead MoreShould College Be Free College?1688 Words   |  7 Pagescover the costs? Free college is now brought up as a debate whether or not students should receive free college tuition while attending college. Some individuals would like this idea, but I am definite the taxpayers would not like it or support it. If the government cannot afford what they are in debt with now, I am quiet uncertain how adding free college would help the debt go down. I am sure that the government would find some way to get their money back from allowing free tuition, or twice the amountRead MoreTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfor All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. Without an education, people are rendered powerless. Education gives people the power to go wherever and do whatever they want in life. This is especially true for higher education and a college degree is needed now more than ever. In the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs a college degree.Read MoreFree Tuition And The United States Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Free tuition for colleges is a topic that has come up a lot lately in the United States. Especially in the beginning of this year, when the democratic race was in place, Bernie Sanders started making tuition-free colleges one of his campaign points. While there are some that seem to neglect the idea of free tuition, the majority will agree that if not free at least it should be affordable. This topic is a very interesting one because it provides fascinating fact s on both sides of the spectrum. OneRead MoreCollege Tuition Should Be Free1165 Words   |  5 Pages College Tuition Should be Free By: Alonzo Myers 29 February 2016 Gardner-Webb University Dr. Lisa Cantrell English 101 Thesis: College tuition should be free because the number of students in debt after they complete college is extremely high. Outline I. Introduction II. Statistics III. Opposition IV. Conclusion Introduction All over America there are students who go off to visit amazing schools that they think are for them, then they start narrowing down their choices and comeRead MoreWhy Should College Shouldn t Be Free?1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmost academic students to attend and it was very affordable, but currently the price per year to attend college has drastically increased. For instance, in the â€Å"1970’s the average cost was 10,000 dollars a year and today the average cost is 30,000 dollars a year† (CQ Researcher). This is a triple increase in the price per year to attend college. Allowing this increase on college tuition has impacted the student’s attendance rate. This is a significant financial burden for college students and their familyRead MoreCollege Solution856 Words   |  4 PagesCollege tuition, something that everyone has to worry about and save their whole lives for. What would happen if college tuition disappeared and college was suddenly free? In this rh etorical analysis, I will be analyzing two different articles on if college should be free. While both of these articles use logos to prove their statement and make their argument stronger, one discusses and argues that college should be free for everyone and the other disagrees and discusses why college tuition shouldRead MoreThe United States Should Justify A Tuition Free Nation1551 Words   |  7 Pagesnumerous paths, the most traveled is one of a college degree. This is no coincidence, because employers everywhere look to recruit people who have these degrees. However, what if someone who has the right intentions, great potential, and inexhaustible motivation cannot attend because of monetary reasons? This is why the United States should fabricate a tuition-free nation. It is widely known that certain European countries lawfully cast out tuition fees within their universities. These countries

A common theme in literature Free Essays

Literature can produce so many themes accumulated from different aspects of life. Authors around the world have utilized almost all the possible concepts, ideologies and themes that could ever exist. As one reads a story, different comparisons can be made regarding other stories as well. We will write a custom essay sample on A common theme in literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the vast capability of literature, there are so many possible similarities that can be well-correlated from stories after stories. Several stories aim to project one common theme. Though most are hidden behind all the well-written flowery words, most themes and concepts can be well realized as a story progresses. Upon reading a story, many readers can analyze the main message being tried to convey by an author. There are so many themes to choose from due to the vast freedom of authors. In this paper, a recurring theme of illusion vs. reality can be concluded with regards to three different short stories, namely â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, â€Å"The Rich Brother† by Tobias Wolff, and â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† by Amy Tan. Illusion vs. Reality in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner In order to understand the whole message of this story, there is a need for the adequate provision of analysis. This story is about an eccentric spinster named Emily Grierson. Her life is narrated bu an unnamed narrator who discusses her bizarre relationship with her lover, her father and with the whole town of Jefferson along with her hidden terrible secrets. The story seemed to be a very mediocre one not until the end. The horrific conclusion had assisted readers on what the true persona of Ms. Emily Grierson really was. That twist in the ending made the whole beginning and middle part of the story become preparatory concurrences of the possible realizations. Linking the theme of illusion versus reality with this story can be very easily assessed. The whole reality factor all relied on the essence of the changing generations and the spinning wheel of time that passed Miss Emily. The illusion part is the one where she still dwells in the past and even resulting to killing her love in order to stay at the past. She was just so lost with reality that   she led her life more on the illusion side. Emily completely lived her life stuck in the past. When the new Board of Alderman approached her she exclaimed that Colonel Sartoris that she had no takes in the town of Jefferson but during this occurrence, Colonel Sartoris was already dead for ten years. Her life revolved around in the past as if time did not exist. She locked herself inside her house in order to dwell on her own world that was unreal. Emily’s desire of the past even led him to murder Homer Barron to keep him in the past with her. This story reminds readers that such is the power of the mind that it can alter an individual’s perception in life and even cause him or her to lead to doing horrendous actions. This reality of Ms. Emily was only existing in here point of view. The whole town represented the present and the true reality, while Ms. Emily Grierson represented the past and a symbolic characterization of illusion. Illusion vs. Reality in â€Å"The Rich Brother† by   Tobias Wolff The story behind â€Å"The Rich Brother† is about two brothers namely Donald and Pete. Pete is the older brother who is much more successful than his younger brother Donald. Pete is a typical middle-class man of success that has enough money due to real estate, a great wife, a couple of daughters, a beautiful house and a sailboat. His younger brother Pete on the other hand has no family and lives alone. His job is painting houses and he usually stays in an ashram in Berkeley. In terms of financial needs, Donald always goes to Pete in times of needs. But other than this, Donald is a pure, kind-hearted, and spiritual type of guy. It’s link to the concept of reality versus illusion is represented through the baffling question of which brother needs more of the other brother? Who is the more independent than the other? In realistic terms, Pete seemed to be the more able brother who almost has everything. while Donald on the other hand is a man who always seem to be in need and displays his dependence on his brother. But there is a huge difference on the true message of this story. In Pete’s dream, he was blind and he badly needs Donald to help him. Analyzing the story even more, the representation of the blindness of Pete is considered as blindness from faith. Though externally, Pete has been a wealthy man, almost having the resources that a normal man could ever have, he still is not as rich on the inside as Donald. Donald is the representation of a spiritual guide which in turn represents his importance to Pete. Illusion is contrasted with reality in this story through the aspect of Pete and Donald’s inner and outer status in life. People are made to believe that Pete is the richer guy in a lot of things but in reality, Donald has everything that a man could ever really need, faith. Illusion vs. Reality in â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† by Amy Tan This story is narrated through Jandale’s eyes. She is a Chinese-American woman who’s trying to gain more knowledge about her Chinese culture and the past of his mother. This story can be easily related to by women readers due to the fact that it is narrated by a woman and the story revolves around this character. This story largely revolves around the journey towards self-identification and cultural recognition. Before, Jandale never really understood her past, her roots and her identity as half-Chinese and half-American. The journey helped her become a complete person and an individual of more knowledge about the world especially of her culture. Like many other people who can’t accept their past and their family’s past, Jandale never really embraced her life’s history before. But still, that thought of accepting everything, even the past, has become the driving force for Jandale to finally conclude that her life is complete. Her past, culture and her mother’s past haunted her to realize it and achieve something that could make her feel at ease and make her mother’s dreams complete. Her mother never got to see her two twin half-sisters which were abandoned due to their family’s attempt to escape the Japanese. It was Jandale’s turn to provide to accomplish that missed dream of her mother. The link of reality versus illusion in this story tells that no matter what happens in life, the truth is that family will always be family and that we should not ignore our cultural heritage. Our lives may change from time to time due to many events that may alter it. But nonetheless, we can’t escape the fact that there is a reality about who are family is and where did we really come from. Reality slaps us in the face and assists us to realize our life’s true essence and meaning. Conclusion It is true that many stories that have been told through the years almost reflect a common message but expresses and narrates it in so many different ways. The stories   â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, â€Å"The Rich Brother† by Tobias Wolff, and â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† by Amy Tan, tell us that within the confines of everything, there is still the true reality that matters most in our life. Though in some cases, it would seem hard to find the true meaning of reality in our lives due to the many illusions that we impose in ourselves, truth be told, in the end, reality is all that we’ve got. We can’t escape reality and we should never be blinded by illusions. With the characters of Emily, Pete and Jandale, we could see that there perceptions about reality may have been different from each other, but in the end reality wins over all the illusions and unrealistic perceptions in life. REFERENCES Fallon, E., et. al. (2001). A Reader’s Companion to the Short Story in English. Westport, CT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Greenwood Press. Faulkner, W. (n.d.) A Rose for Emily. Retrieved July 13,   2008, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ariyam.com/docs/lit/wf_rose.html. How to cite A common theme in literature, Papers

Journal Of The Academy Science Of Marketing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of The Academy Science Of Marketing? Answer: Introduction: Now days, qualitative data analysis has become a major segment of business research. The prosperity of business process, strategy and nature of business are dependent up on business data analysis. As a marketing tool, qualitative data analysis has acted as an important part of business analytics (Burns et al., 2015). The qualitative data analysis is dependent upon nature and sampling. The structured analysis observation and content analysis relies upon secondary analysis and quantitative data analysis (Bryman and Bell 2015). Business research and research methods are embedded with formulation of general principles. Quantitative and qualitative researches constitute different approaches to social investigation (Chen and Zhang 2014). There is a distinction between a research method and a research method. Research method is already discussed in assignment 2 and therefore we are going to discuss research design in this report. The report is based on the various potentiality, major keys and potential threats of business research analysis. The research questions help to analyse and interpret the business data. Effectiveness of Project key experiences: There are three key technical terms for evaluating research such as validity, reliability and replicability. The five key points of the research design are experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal, case study and comparative. We need experimental research because there are various potential threats to validate non-experimental research. Case study is a single type research design. Key issues with the nature of case study have external validity in general (Punt et al. 2015). Qualitative research does not delineate of a clear set of linear steps. The fundamental principles of qualitative research are to select cases, individuals and forefront sampling consideration. Interview process plays a key role in qualitative research. Secondary analysis of qualitative data is increasingly prominent part in business analytics. Elements and usefulness of Learning Process: The course and program would provide us lots of learning. The future career could be brighten if we transfer our knowledge and learning to the further achievement. The course would help us for better understanding of the coming business planning and management. The knowledge and insights would transfer to success and profit from the view-point of a business organization. Social development planning develops social issues. Evidence-based management is the systematic use of the best available evidence to improve management practice. Business research process makes a choice between deductive and inductive approaches (Van der Aalst, 2014). The business research questions are related about explaining causes and consequences of phenomenon. Sampling, data collection and data analysis are the main three processes of analysis. The research process involves deductivism theory for quantitative and inductivism theory for qualitative research (Ryan and Barnerd 2010). In case of quantitative analysis, explicit hypotheses are to be confirmed or rejected and in case of qualitative analysis, generalized inferences are concluded from the observations. Objectivity of learning of data analysis: Qualitative data collection frequently results in accumulating a large volume of information. It is not governed by confined rules and it has theoretical prominent approach. The key process of strategies in qualitative data analysis is coding. However, problem of fragmentation is a major issue in qualitative data analysis of secondary data. A verified analysed data indicates prosperity of the business improvement. Evaluation of learning: The research learning process was very helpful for our Business research. We learned that every company should analyse qualitative and quantitative data before coming to the business-oriented decision and planning. Profit and man management also relies on the learning and strategy (Booth 2015). The requirement to recognize that learning is not inherently prior to research that employs a single research strategy. In multi strategy, we observe quantitative and qualitative research with separate and incommensurable paradigms. The foci of the nature of learning methods research should be planned. We could provide hypotheses in an unstructured and open-ended approach helpful in generating hunches for testing through experimentation and survey. In this case, quantitative and qualitative research could reveal regularities and social processes (Taylor et al. 2013). Quantitative methods test researchers theories and qualitative methods make participants meanings the centre of attention. Explanation of learning data Analysis: A research design provides a framework for the collection and analysis of data. Cross-sectional study is the most common form of survey research (Here and Lukas 2015). It involves cross-sectional design, longitudinal design and case study design. The different methods of measurement of variability and procedures of testing of hypotheses are the main ways of calculation. Cross-sectional Design: It entails the collection of data on more than one case in order to collect a body of qualitative and quantitative data in connection with two or more variables that expresses association. Survey research comprises a cross-sectional design in relation with questionnaire by structured interview on more than one case (Falaschetti 2014). This design usually connects with quantitative data and qualitative data. Reliability and measurement validity are not connected. Replicability would be high, internal validity would be weak, external validity would be high, ecological validity would be compromised in this design. Longitudinal Design learning: In this design, the same sample on more than one occasion would be surveyed. A panel study and a cohort study are handled in the longitudinal design (Battaglia 2014). The characteristics of this design are very similar to the cross-sectional research design. Case Study Design learning: We analyse intensively with details in case study design. Case is the focus of interest according to the location and background. The cases could be critical, extreme, unique, revelatory and exemplifying. Cases might be longitudinally extended or through a comparative design. Comparative Design learning: By comparative method, we can compare two or more meaningfully contrasting cases. It can be qualitative or quantitative. Often cross-cultural comparisons include multiple case studies. The characteristics are identical as cross-sectional design. Because, the comparative design is essentially two or more cross-sectional studies carried out at the same point in time. Comparing of two or more cases, we can show the cases in which cross sectional studies are carried out. Mixed methods learning: In mixed methods research, qualitative research facilitates quantitative research. This method does not include multi strategy. This model mainly explores arguments against the combination of quantitative and qualitative research. Explanation of application of learning process: The process of learning involves theory, hypothesis, data collection, findings and inferences. This process involves theory-testing research, inductive case research and interpretive research. For the epistemological considerations, positivism and interpretivism are contrasting approaches. This process asserts the sociological phenomena in case of objectivism of business research. Contrastivism and paradigm are the research issues of quantitative analysis. Numerical and statistical data of social variables reviews deductive theory testing. Qualitative research is a research strategy that emphasises on qualification and collection of data. Quantitative and qualitative research constitutes different approaches to social investigation. We can apply learning from business analysis course that qualitative and quantitative data learning both are applicable in different types of study. Qualitative learning: In the case study, we can learn the process of collecting reliable primary data from interview of target population or selected groups. This section mainly focuses on textual analysis on attribute type or categorical data coding the text and talk (Elo et a. 2014). After collecting the relevant data, using software packages, we can present qualitative research and assess the rigor of qualitative research (Silverman 2016). Next, we can conceptualize theoretical work and interpret the findings. Quantitative learning: We learned that quantitative data is actually numeric, dependent on survey questionnaires, scale development and sampling respondents. The data is collected from field-work and analysed with the help of descriptive statistics, probability distributions and exploratory factor analysis (Anderson et al. 2015). We can apply sample survey methods by several following steps such as introducing the strata, estimation and confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, testing of distributions, regression methods and non-linear functions for interpretation and decision-making. This method emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical or numerical analysis of data collected through structured primary or secondary sources (Capozzoli et al. 2016) References: Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Battaglia, M., Passetti, E., Bianchi, L. and Frey, M., 2016. Managing for integration: a longitudinal analysis of management control for sustainability.Journal of Cleaner Production,136, pp.213-225. Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Burns, A.C., Burns, K.R., Bush, R.F. and Burns, J.M., 2014. A Customized Excel Data Analysis System for Use in Undergraduate Marketing Research.Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning,31. Capozzoli, A., Piscitelli, M.S., Neri, F., Grassi, D. and Serale, G., 2016. A novel methodology for energy performance benchmarking of buildings by means of Linear Mixed Effect Model: The case of space and DHW heating of out-patient Healthcare Centres.Applied Energy,171, pp.592-607. Chen, Z. and Zhang, H., International Business Machines Corporation, 2017.Business model data management. U.S. Patent 9,741,016. Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K. and Kyngs, H., 2014. Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness.Sage Open,4(1), p.2158244014522633. Falaschetti, E., Mindell, J., Knott, C. and Poulter, N., 2014. Hypertension management in England: a serial cross-sectional study from 1994 to 2011.The Lancet,383(9932), pp.1912-1919. Hair Jr, J.F. and Lukas, B., 2014.Marketing research(Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Murray, K.B. and Montanari, J.B., 1986. Strategic management of the socially responsible firm: Integrating management and marketing theory.Academy of Management Review,11(4), pp.815-827. Punt, A.E., Butterworth, D.S., Moor, C.L., De Oliveira, J.A. and Haddon, M., 2016. Management strategy evaluation: best practices.Fish and Fisheries,17(2), pp.303-334. Ryan, G.W. and Bernard, H.R., 2010. Data management and analysis methods. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Taylor, S.A., Kim, M.J., Ishida, C. and Mulligan, J.R., 2014. Augmenting null hypothesis significance testing in marketing research.Journal of Management and Marketing Research,15, pp.1-24. Van Der Aalst, W.M., 2013. Business process management: a comprehensive survey.ISRN Software Engineering,2013. Voorhees, C.M., Brady, M.K., Calantone, R. and Ramirez, E., 2016. Discriminant validity testing in marketing: an analysis, causes for concern, and proposed remedies.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,44(1), pp.119-134. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.